The rule of law is not only a constitutional principle, a set of constitutional guarantees, an extension of fundamental rights and an independent judiciary. The rule of law is also part of a culture, or more precisely a specific legal culture. There may be comparable legal standards in the constitutions of other parts of the world, but just as there is a "European way of life”, there is also a "European culture of rule of law”. It is supported by the state authorities in the separation of powers of a democratic state. In individual Member States, the struggle for this culture is often arduous and fierce. A return to the roots of the European rule of law in Roman law, as well as in German-speaking Central Europe and Anglo-Saxon law, can provide a compass to help overcome the crises.

Key words: Rechtsstaat, Europe, European Union, rule of law, constitution, constitutional guarantees, human rights, democracy.

The preliminary ruling procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) is one of the main mechanisms for ensuring the uniform appli- cation of European Union law. The article examines how the Supreme Court, as the highest court in the country, deals with issues of application of European Union law at various stages of the revision process and how is this considera- tion reflected in case law with a focus on administrative dispute cases. The ar- ticle discusses the latest developments in case law (and open questions), also taking into account the recent precedential judgement of the CJEU in the case C-561/19 Consorzio Italian Management of 6 October 2021. It also highlights dilemmas and concerns raised by the recent decision of the Constitutional Court in the case Up-1133/18 of 31 March 2022. In its decision the Consti- tutional Court instructs the Supreme Court, in cases where revisions are not admissible, to give reasons as to why it did not refer a case for a preliminary rul- ing based on a party’s motion. According to the existing established Supreme Court case law, a preliminary question cannot be referred to the CJEU in the decision-making process on the admissibility of revision. The article represents the point of view that in the given circumstances the decision of the Supreme Court to refer a preliminary question to the CJEU regarding the compatibility of the existing regulation of admissibility of revision with the requirements of European Union law was well founded.

Key words: preliminary ruling procedure, admissibility of revision, European Union Law, Revision procedure, Constitutional Court, Court of Justice of the European Union.

From 31 March to 2 April 2023, the University of Cyprus hosted the interna- tional Model United Nations Conference – UCYMUN, which was attended for the first time this year by a delegation of 12 students from the University of Lju- bljana’s Faculty of Law: Lovro Bobnar, Mark Jeršič, Marta Lipovec, Benjamin Nahtigal, Jasna Nuhanović, Peter Pollak, Rok Šarić, Gal Veber, Metka Vodušek, Ema Voje, Anže Zalaznik and Maks Zupančič. The team was mentored by Prof. Dr. Vasilka Sancin and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Maša Kovič Dine. The conference was held in English and the delegates participated in simulations of six conference committees: the UN Security Council, the UN Human Rights Council, UN Women, the European Parliament’s "Special Committee on Beating Cancer”, the European Parliament’s "ITRE” Committee (Committee on Industry, Re- search and Energy) and the International Court of Justice in The Hague. The delegation from the University of Ljubljana’s Faculty of Law emerged as the most successful team in the competition, garnering six individual awards.

Key words: student competitions, simulations of organs and institutions of international organizations, United Nations, European Union, the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana.

In Slovenian history, the Criminal Code (KZ-1) has never been scientifically commented on in depth in a large research project. To put it mildly, such a si- tuation was unsatisfactory in terms of legal culture. In 2015, such research was finally undertaken in Slovenia and at the end of March 2019, we got the first scientific commentary of the special part of the Criminal Code. The scientific commentary was written by 47 authors and 33 professional assistants and was published in three volumes, with the main editors-in-chief being Katja Filipčič and Damjan Korošcec, both from the University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Law. More than 3,000 pages were written on 291 Criminal Code articles. Since the first edition, four amendments have been adopted, with interventions in sexu- al and commercial criminal law being among the most theoretically and prac- tically demanding. The first of the three books of the Revised Commentary was thus published in March 2023, and two more will follow.

Key words: criminal code, amendment, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia, Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, research, criminal law.

In her opening address, the President of the Republic of Slovenia, Nataša Pirc Musar, stated that Slovenia has always been a strong supporter of the Respon- sibility to Protect (R2P) and was part of a group of countries that co-created this important principle nearly two decades ago. President Pirc Musar also identified climate change as one of the (new) factors of instability and war, concluding that the concept of climate justice is gaining traction in the inter- national community. At the very core of the Responsibility to Protect is the recognition that the promotion and protection of human rights do not stop at national borders. While States have a primary responsibility to protect the population on their territory, the international community shares the respon- sibility to protect vulnerable groups from most egregious violations of their universal human rights.

Key words: responsibility to protect, genocide, war crimes, crimes against hu- manity, ethnic cleansing, climate justice.

The principle of the prohibition of reformatio in peius, a fundamental proce- dural principle, is applicable in administrative procedure, though not with- out limitations. Administrative procedure is distinct from other types of pro- cedures, as it requires the administrative body to protect public interest. In some instances, safeguarding this interest necessitates amending the decision to the appellant’s disadvantage. From the perspective of theory and case law, the article analyses the principle of prohibition of reformatio in peius within the decision-making of bodies in administrative proceedings, examining the exceptions to this principle and exploring some other related issues. The first section outlines the content of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in general and the regulation of this institute in some comparative law regimes. The sec- ond section focuses on the analysis of the principle of prohibition of reformatio in peius in the Slovenian regulation of administrative procedure.

Key words: reformatio in peius, exceptions to the prohibition of reformatio in peius, modification of the decision to the detriment of the appellant, the principle of the prohibition of reformatio in peius in the decision-making of a first- instance body, a replacement decision.

This article examines the views of the European Court of Human Rights (the ECtHR) on the appointment and dismissal of judges from the perspective of ensuring the independence of judges, particularly from the executive and the legislature. It presents some of the (most) important recent decisions, in which the ECtHR found a violation of Convention rights in individual procedures for appointing and dismissing judges or court presidents, and indirectly assessed the regulation of the judicial system in the Contracting States, including the sys- tem for appointing and dismissing judges. Although the ECtHR’s influence on safeguarding the rule of law and the institutional independence of the judiciary is generally limited or only indirect, since it can only establish and develop cer- tain minimum standards of human rights protection in individual proceedings, it can nevertheless have an impact on improving the organisation of the judici- ary within the Contracting States and it has in fact encouraged a number of changes of legislation in the relevant field. The presented case law demonstrates that the ECtHR’s influence in ensuring the independence of the judiciary is not insignificant, as the ECtHR also addresses systemic issues of the organisation of the judiciary, though its case law in this field has also raised some issues.

Key words: judicial independence, appointment of judges, dismissal of judges, European Court of Human Rights, separation of powers, rule of law.

In the 2022 Moot Court competitions, the Faculty of Law at the University of Ljubljana achieved an exceptional ranking on the Nica.team performance scale: 1st in Slovenia, 13th in Europe, and an impressive 30th globally. This result marks a notable improvement from 2021 when our esteemed faculty secured the 43rd position worldwide, itself a testament to our excellence in these student- led competitions. Moot Court competitions serve as simulations of court and arbitration proceedings, with students stepping into the roles of dispute parties’ delegates. The competitions, typically conducted in English or French, require students to address timely legal and social issues across a broad spectrum of law fields. These include European Union law, international commercial law, hu- man rights law, criminal law, asylum law, and space law, among others.

Key words: University of Ljubljana Faculty of Law, Nice.team, moot court, competition, students, simulation.

Although the first legal information system projects already existed in Yugo- slavia (RSPOUP), it was not until the introduction of a free business initiative and the development of personal computers that the conditions for effective assistance to lawyers in their work were created. During the pioneering period, the Computer Science Section of the Society of Business Lawyers took the lead by organising "Lawyer and Computer” courses and an annual computer work- shop as part of the Days of Slovenian Jurists in Portorož. The turning point was the professionalisation of legal informatics with the establishment of IUS SOFTWARE company and its legal information system IUS-INFO, as well as by the introduction of the Legal Informatics course at law faculties in Ljubljana and Maribor. The quality of all types of legal texts has been significantly im- proved over the last two decades with artificial intelligence modules, which will serve as the legal basis for all future modernisation and efficiency gains.

Key words: informatics, information system, artificial intelligence, computer, society, jurist, law faculty.

The international scientific conference Responsibility to Protect in Theory and Practice, held on 11 and 12 May 2023 at the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana, marked the tenth anniversary of the launch of the series of bien- nial international interdisciplinary scientific conferences on the principle of R2P at the Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana, which brings together theoreticians, researchers and practitioners from various fields relevant to the implementation of R2P from all over the world. It was held under the honorary patronage of the President of the Republic of Slovenia, Nataša Pirc Musar, who in her opening address expressed the strong support of the Republic of Slove- nia to R2P and stressed that the promotion and protection of human rights transcends national borders. These R2P conferences have made a significant contribution to positioning Slovenia as a leading supporter of activities that help protect populations from genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing.

Key words: responsibility to protect, genocide, war crimes, crimes against hu- manity, ethnic cleansing, University of Ljubljana Faculty of Law.

This article provides an overview of the monograph Judicial Insignia in Euro- pean and Slovene Legal Tradition (Sodniške insignije v evropskem in sloven- skem pravnem izročilu) written by Vid Žepič, Dr. Tomaž Nabergoj, Dr. Polona Vidmar, and Igor Zemljič. This meticulously researched work delves into the legal traditions and the judicial cultural history from antiquity to the 19th century, exploring the role of symbols in shaping our understanding of this heritage. By synthesising perspectives from four distinct fields of research, the authors reveal the intricate relationships between symbols and legal history, providing a rich and nuanced portrait of both Slovenian and (Central) Euro- pean cultural heritage.

Key words: symbolism, legal tradition, judicial insignia, judicial swords, judi- cial staves, cultural heritage.

We all know Ivan Tavčar, PhD, as a writer, many as a politician, but few as a lawyer, although he was a lawyer all his life and he never retired. Contempo- raries called his law firm a "fortress of liberalism”. Because Ivan Tavčar stood for economic, religious, political, and ideological freedom of the individual. He stood for fundamental ideas such as the constitution, liberal democracy, free and fair elections, human rights, and freedom of religion. He stood for the equality of all people, for equality before the law and for the autonomy of nations. The title of the academy, at which the author presented this text as a speaker, is therefore somewhat appropriate: "Let’s look up to Tavčar!”

Key words: Ivan Tavčar, lawyer, writer, politician, liberalism, Slovene language, freedom of the individual, Austro-Hungarian empire.

Despite the fact that the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia has been es- tablishing the constitutional foundations for a mandatory second tier of local self-government in Slovenia since the 2006 constitutional amendments, we are still waiting for legislative implementation. The prolonged legislator’s failure to comply with the constitutional obligation to enact the law about the estab- lishment of regions violates Article 143 of the Constitution, the constitutional right to local self-government under Article 9, the rule of law principle under Article 2 and the separation of powers principle enshrined in Article 3(2) of the Constitution. However, as has been established in this article, the Consti- tutional Court will not be able to declare or sanction these violations due to the nature of the constitutional obligation to establish the second tier of local self-government and the separation of powers principle, both of which must be considered in constitutional adjudication. The discrepancy between the Constitution’s mandate for regions and the actual absence of regions, owing to an inability to achieve political consensus in the legislature on the constitu- tive law, is untenable in a rule-of-law state. Debates within the professional community often focus on potential changes to the Constitution; however, the issue surrounding regions is distinct. Despite the constitutional amendment’s overwhelming support from politicians and experts, it has not been translated into law, leaving all the inhabitants of Slovenia in a worse position than if the regions existed. The legislator should act as soon as possible to enact the law establishing the regions in accordance with the requirements of the Constitu- tion and the fundamental principles of local self-government as derived from the European Charter of Local Self-Government.

Key words: second level of local self-government, regions, Article 143 of the Constitution, right to local selfgovernment, rule of law, constitutional obligation, Constitutional Court, legislator.

In 2020, the Slovenian legislator amended the Referendum and Popular Ini- tiative Act to provide for a special procedure related to a call for a legislative referendum in the case of laws on urgent measures to ensure state defence, security, or the elimination of the consequences of natural disasters. Because the legislator main goal was to expedite the law implementation process it inadequately regulated the powers of the National Council, particularly the right to file a suspensive veto. The author discusses some of the constitutional dilemmas related to the institute of the suspensive veto which arose after the adoption of Article 21.a of the Referendum and Popular Initiative Act. Based on the analogy with the limitation of the legislative referendum and the com- parative analysis the author offers possible solutions for the arrangement of the institute of the suspensive veto in the case of such legislation. These solutions would address not only the need to ensure faster promulgation of legislation but also the need to constitutionally regulate the limitation of the suspensive veto of the National Council.

Key words: National Council, National Assembly, suspensive veto, legislative process, retroactive, abuse of rights.

In the spring of 2024, the European Parliament gears up for its tenth direct election since 1979, marking another crucial milestone in transnational de- mocracy following the Conference on the Future of Europe. Historically, EP elections have been marred by national fragmentation and perceived as "second-class” due to low voter turnout in many Member States, including Slovenia. Nonetheless, these elections are still a central act for ensuring the democratic legitimacy of the EU and shaping its political trajectory. This arti- cle is a report from the event, the topic of which were the current challenges of European parliamentary democracy, especially one year before the European elections, such as the renewal of EU electoral rules, the promotion of electoral participation, and the proposition for an independent EU ethics authority.

Key words: European Parliament, elections, future, European Union, democracy, ethics.

The contribution is the author’s commemorative address marking the 103rd anniversary of the University of Ljubljana Faculty of Law. The author leaned on the tradition of jurisprudence, while being aware that we should not cling to tradition convulsively and stand still. We must start from tradition, correct it and supplement it. If necessary, due to new insights and new circumstances, we must also transcend it and diverge from traditional pathways. Central to the contribution is the idea that constitution, laws and other normative acts cannot be implemented automatically. It is always a matter of first understan- ding these acts and only then deciding how to implement them in concrete cases. Behind every responsible legal decision-making is the knowledge that even minor value nuances and new minor factual circumstances can influence our perception of what the elements of legal reasoning mean and how they in- terrelate. If this is correct, interpretation and justification (argumentation) are necessary and constant companions of legal decision-making. The meaning of legal understanding is, volens nolens, shared. It can only be achieved and dee- pened through a collaborative effort between the theory (philosophy) of law and individual positive legal sciences.

Key words: nature of law, interpretability of law, analogy in law, study of law, separation of powers, rule of law (Rechtsstaat).

Legislative policy pertains to setting the goals of legislative activity and de- termining the ways and means to achieve these goals in the legal regulation of social relations. When the legislator deliberately selects values, goals and means and foresees the consequences, we speak of a rational legislative policy. The triumph of this policy hinges upon an integral view of law, considering both its social function and the personal perception of legal norms by each individual. The fundamental programme document for the management of legislative policy in Slovenia is the Resolution on Normative Activity. It en- compasses principles, warnings and numerous yet unrealised objectives. The fundamental ideas of the Resolution must also be taken into account when translating programme documents into legal acts.

Key words: legislative policy, an integral aspect of law, the social function of law, internalisation of legal norms, resolution on normative activity.

The aim of this article is to explore whether the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia is legally bound by its own decisions. First, the author distinguishes two alternative conceptions of how past judicial decisions may be relevant to the decision-making of a later court. On the first account, the court is bound by a previous decision in the sense of only being permitted to depart from it when reasons of special kind or weight obtain, not whenever it deems that decision wrong. On the second view, the court has more latitude: it may always change its mind on a legal issue as long as it provides a reasonable justification for doing so. In the remainder of the article, the author evalu- ates three arguments in favour of the claim that the first view most faithfully describes the attitude which the Constitutional Court legally ought to adopt towards its own decisions.

Key words: precedent, horizontal precedential effect, stare decisis, Constitutional Court, overruling, established case law, binding nature of constitutional decisions, equal protection of rights.

The essential facilities doctrine is a competition law tool that allows an eco- nomic entity to demand access to a facility controlled by another economic entity (with a dominant position in the market for that facility) if access to the facility is necessary to access the downstream market. The author attempts to answer the research question: How do selected competition policy paradigms influence the understanding of the doctrine’s content and its execution? The author presents the impact of selected competition policy paradigms on the understanding and application of the doctrine in the United States of America and the European Union, focusing on the Harvard School, the Chicago School, and Ordoliberalism. He points out that the doctrine was developed and peaked in the United States of America at the time of the dominance of the Harvard School. The doctrine’s influence began to wane with the rise of the Chicago School, which ultimately eclipsed it within the legal framework. Before the transition to the "more economic approach”, European competition law was deeply rooted in Ordoliberalism. This emphasises the imperative of interven- tion in the market, a principle that contributed to the success of this doctrine in the European Union. As the ordoliberal influence on European competition law began to wane, so too did the significance of the doctrine.

Key words: Harvard School, Chicago School, Ordoliberalism, neo-Brandeis Movement, the Essential Facilities Doctrine, competition law.

The contribution is an obituary for Professor Emeritus Ivan Kristan, PhD, of the University of Ljubljana. His extensive knowledge and experience nur- tured several generations of Slovenian lawyers, guiding both their personal and professional growth. His profound and dedicated professional, scientific, and public activities markedly advanced Slovenian legal science and society at large. Amongst his many roles, he served as the Dean of the Faculty of Law in 1981–1985, and the 34th Rector of the Edvard Kardelj University in Ljubljana between 1985 and 1987. His distinguished career led him to the Constitution- al Court of the SFR Yugoslavia in Belgrade in 1987–1991. In these turbulent years, particularly 1990 and 1991, he opposed some constitutionally contro- versial proposals and decisions in decision-making and with his separate opin- ions. Notably, Professor Kristan objected to a proposal designed to prevent the adoption of the Slovenian constitutional amendments, which substanti- ated the elements of Slovenian sovereignty. At that time, the Yugoslav Consti- tutional Court, with Professor Kristan’s insistence, remained the sole federal state body that did not condemn these amendments in advance. He demanded compliance with the regulations stipulating the Constitutional Court’s lack of competence for preliminary constitutional review. Between 1992 and 1997 he was also the first president of the State Council of the Republic of Slovenia.

Key words: Ivan Kristan, in memoriam, constitutional law, Constitutional Court, Faculty of Law of the University of Ljubljana, State Council of the Re- public of Slovenia, Yugoslavia.

The new draft judicial service act (the JSA-1) envisages an abolition of the dis- ciplinary dismissal of a judge. Under the new rules, the termination of a judge’s office would be primarily due to a negative evaluation of judicial service. The proposed amendment relies on four false assumptions. First, the draft wrongly regards disciplinary proceedings as the predominant means for securing judi- cial accountability in Slovenia. Second, the evaluation of judicial service would mostly not follow a final disciplinary decision as the draft envisages. Third, contrary to the views of the sponsor of the new bill, the Slovenian Constitu- tion allows judges to be dismissed without the involvement of the National Assembly. Forth, Slovenia cannot freely regulate the matters at hand, as the draft wrongly assumes, but is bound by certain international and EU law ob- ligations. Because of these false assumptions, the draft, which was meant to enhance judicial independence, paradoxically works to its detriment.

Key words: dismissal, disciplinary sanction, evaluation of judicial service, reform of the judiciary, judicial independence.

The introduction of a unified five-year master’s degree programme in law at the University of Ljubljana Faculty of Law will provide law students with a high-quality legal education that will meet the growing demands of legal prac- tice, even in times of new social challenges. The Faculty of Law also encourages the study of legal practice and the learning of legal skills during their stud- ies, however, with the aim of gaining additional practical experience, some students choose to work occasionally in law firms and in other areas of law. Although such work may be useful to some extent, it should not cause the student to neglect his or her studies. The time of study must be the time of study, and its predominantly theoretical orientation is a necessary and funda- mental prerequisite for the later successful professional activity of the lawyer. A deeper insight into the nature of legal theory and practice shows us that they are two poles (two condensations) of the same phenomenon, which, although separated in rational legal reflection, are nevertheless perceived as two neces- sarily interconnected sides of a lawyer’s knowledge and competence. There- fore, a part of quality theoretical teaching and study of law is also knowledge and critical evaluation of legal practice, just as a part of legal practice is an appropriate theoretical reflection that connects social reality with general and abstract legal principles and rules.

Key words: legal theory, legal practice, student, study of law, extracurricular activities, unified five-year master’s programme in law, University of Ljubljana Faculty of Law.

The author first discusses the procedure established for amending the Consti- tution of the Republic of Slovenia, as determined by the Slovenian legal order. He presents the dominant proponents of constitutional amendments in the Republic of Slovenia and to what extent the process of preparing a proposal for constitutional amendments is people-friendly or feasible. He also presents whether the constitutional development was dominated by the initiatives of the people, the government or parliamentarians or political parties. In additi- on, the author gives a chronological presentation of all 11 amendments to the Constitution so far, with a brief presentation of the essence of the amendment. He also deals with the dominant reasons for the constitutional changes and whether the development of the constitutionality was planned, considered, professionally justified and to what extent it was a matter of more or less for- tunate individual political projects. In the second chapter, the author presents numerous ideas, initiatives and proposals for de lege ferenda amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia and briefly evaluates them from the perspective of their feasibility (reality for political consensus) and above all from the point of view of the consistency of constitutional development. He is trying to answer the question of whether the constitutional review process is favourable to the possibility that the people will implement their proposal for constitutional changes, especially where it is objectively impossible to expect (based on several decades of experience) that they will obtain a sufficient ma- jority of deputies in the National Assembly of the Republic of Slovenia. In ma- king these judgments, he relies on the analysis of the case of long-term efforts by civil society for a more thorough renovation of the electoral system, which turned out to be completely unrealisable, and he asks, or rather tries to answer, where there is a way out of such a dead end.

Key words: constitutional review procedure, constitutional amendments to date, proposals for constitutional amendments, constitutional initiatives, reform of the electoral system.

In commemoration of the 500th anniversary of Martin Pegius’s birth (1523– 1592), the esteemed Carniolian jurist, renowned for his ground-breaking sci- entific contributions on the field of law, an exhibition showcasing his works is taking place in the foyer of the Faculty of Law library. The curated collection includes the original edition of his Tractatus on servitudes (1558), a facsimile of a partial translation of Justinian’s Code (1566), the Essays of Legal Opin- ions (1564), and a facsimile of Pegius’s astrological Book of Birth Hours (1570) published in 1924. Visitors have the unique opportunity to acquaint them- selves with the newly discovered stylised portrayal of Martin Pegius, artfully preserved on his tombstone in Salzburg.

Key words: Martin Pegius, legal scholar, exhibition of works, Faculty of Law University of Ljubljana.

The National Review Commission is a distinct, independent, and autonomous state body occupying two seemingly incompatible roles: it functions as a court or tribunal under Article 267 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, while also acting as a mere supervisory body within the Slovenian legal order. Case-law have delineated these dual roles, firstly through the case-law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and secondly via the settled case-law of domestic courts. From this perspective, the necessity for judicial oversight is neither imperative nor mandated. In terms of legal certainty, such a scenario is less than ideal. Amendment C of the Legal Protection in Public Procurement Procedures Act introduces a form of judicial oversight that is commensurate with the remit of the National Review Commission. This ap- plies particularly when the Commission, as a state authority exercising its legal powers (ex iure imperii), adjudicates on the rights and legal interests of revi- sion applicants. The introduction of (limited) administrative dispute demon- strates the recognized need for judicial oversight. However, a review of the jurisdiction of the administrative court in administrative dispute proceedings under the Legal Protection in Public Procurement Procedures Act, reveals that the ultimate solution does not adequately ensure effective judicial protection.

Key words: National Review Commission, administrative act, acta iure imperii, acta iure gestionis, sui generis legal authority.

In Slovenia, banks once routinely concluded credit contracts with a currency clause in Swiss francs (CHF), as was either permitted or mandated by law. The current regulation of these credits presents challenges, both in terms of retroactivity and the principle of legal certainty, because EU law only generally defined the duty of explanation. However, the Court of Justice of the European Union has retroactively set very precise and strict rules regarding this duty. This was one of the key findings of the conference of lawyers held in Bled at the end of October 2023, which is the subject of this article. The majority of banks in Slovenia fulfilled their explanatory duty adhering to the then-current leg- islation. Furthermore, when considering the involvement of a notary and ex- plicit warnings in the credit agreements, it is evident that the majority of CHF credit agreements in Slovenia either meet the conditions or meet the standard that these agreements do not contain unfair terms. Consequently, practices that were entirely normal a decade ago are now considered unfair.

Key words: currency clause, credits, information duty, Swiss francs, CHF, EU law.